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What is passage? and how to answer the questions?

The format is quite simple. It contains a passage usually having a length of 500 to 2000 words. Five question are being asked on the passage. The passage is ‘taken from published material. The word comprehension'actually’ means ‘grasping with intellect’ ‘understanding’ The question follow the passage are 6 fvarying quality and range. Some of the questions test your ability to recognize implications and draw inferences. The questions test your ability to read a passage comprehend its meaning, criticize its strength and weaknesses: Showing that ability by selecting the correct answer from among choice supplied. A comprehension passage contains a number of paragraphs. Every paragraph has a central idea which is expounded with ideas and illustrations and other references. The key sentence that gives the central idea of the paragraph may be at the beginning, middle or end of paragraph. This sentence enunciating the central idea, is otherwise called ‘topic sentence’ The student should approach the passage with an ‘open mind'There is no place for the reader own. Opinion, assumptions and prejudices. The crux of the problem is just to understand the writer's point of view. According to the’ difficulty of the passage reading speed should also fast.' Step by step method is useful in solving the questions. Step 1: The very first step is to read the questions quickly. This give you some idea of what you should be looking for as you read the passage. Step 2: The second step is to read the passage at your fastest rate. The questions that have located in your subconscious after reading the questions will force you more conscious as you come across anything that is relevant or important if. Step 3: Again reread the question one at a time. You will get some idea of the location in the passage of material that Answers the questions. If you have no ideas as to location in the passage of material that Answers the questions, go on the next question; Matter this step you may solve all the question. Only one or two question may be left after this step. Step 4: Reread the question carefully that is still unanswered and try to find the reason. They may be analytical in nature which requires the analysis of a certain part of the passage. One of the most important aspect of this is the vocabulary.


English Comprehension Passages with Questions and Answers

Read the passage carefully and answer the questions that follow:

The impact of technical advancement in armaments on man, needs to be analyzed with a rational mind, and heart free from prejudices of any kind towards modernisation. The most noticeable impact of this development certainly has been the loss of immunity from violence for successive generations ever since the invention of gunpowder. In modern times, the presence of technically advanced arms, not only at the fronts but also among the civilian population, has vastly undermined the value of human life, and endangered the very entity of those virtues of self-restraint and discretion, on which. a peaceful and amiable society rests. However, an unbiased view of the present scenario, would refrain one from attributing the rising trends of violence to the availability of technically superior weapons, for one must not overlook the fact that Necessity is the mother of invention. Every stage in the development of armaments has been marked by its distinct impact on society. When man fought with stones and his bare hands, the society was not yet compact. The discovery of metal and the use of spears, knives and arrows indicate the stage of the formation of small kingdoms. Fire continued to be an effective weapon of destruction. When man introduced the cavalry into the army and improved the strategies of making war, some small kingdoms gave away to form empires, but with no revolutionary advances in armaments forthcoming, the political structure of society remained mare or less stagnant for the many coming centuries. The next significant development was the use of gunpowder, which could be used to perform acts which were then thought to be impossible. Gunpowder was used to form the ammunition of several guns and canons. This sudden advances in weaponry not only facilitated the control of a large mass of people by relatively few armed men that helping to form strong empires, but the availability of the new technology to a select few nations enabled the formation of colonies in continents which did not have access to the modernized technologies of warfare. Modern technological advances in armaments aided the formation of nation states in Europe. The extensive use of the fire-power lent a lethal edge to the naval power which proved to be the greatest asset to any nation in the 19th century. Small United Nations States of Europe with strong navies, modern arms and disciplined men gained control of lands in foreign continents far greater in areas than the parent countries.

1. Necessity is the mother of invention means

a. where there is mother there IS invention
b. when necessity arises invention IS done
c. most of the invention are preplanned
d. nothing happens without creating congenial environment

Answer: b

2. The invention of modern weapons have resulted into

a. loss of immunity from war in the society
b. successive wars for the last two centuries.
c. arms race among the nations
d. loss of life and property every now and then

Answer: a

3. Small kingdoms turned into big empires, after

a. the invention of cavalry and canons and its introduction into the army
b. the introduction of nuclear arms into the army
c. the end of the use of knives, arrows and swords
d. the end of the 19th century

Answer: a

4. The style of the passage is

a. informative
b. analytical
c. retrospective
d. provocative

Answer: c

Read the passage carefully and answer the questions that follow:


 Whether India and the US are signing a new extradition treaty or amending the existing one is somewhat unclear, but there is no doubt that India's extradition requests have usually been turned down by western democracies. For instance, when India requested the extradition of the JKLF leader, Amanullah Khan, who was visiting the US four years ago, a US lawcourt turned down the Indian request. So did a judge in Belgium when Khan went to Belgium: The reason is that our extradition treaties with all western nations forbid the extradition of a person on two grounds: (I) if he is caused or convicted of an offence of a political nature, and (II) if he won't get a fair trial in the country requesting his extradition. Unfortunately for India, its human-right record is so dismal that Khan had no difficulty convincing a US and Belgian judge against his deportation on the ground that Indian lawcourts would be severely prejudiced against him. Past experience shows that US and European judges have been sympathetic to fugitives whose extradition India has sought. Take, for instance, a typical case of Karamjit Singh Chahal, a Khalistani separatist in London. In December 1991 the British Home Office rejected his application for political asylum and ordered his deportation to India. Chahal, However, quickly had the order quashed by moving a London High Court which directed that his case be tried afresh. Chahal lost that appeal but he still didn't exhaust all avenues of redress. He moved the House of Lords, and even if he lost there, he could still appeal to the European Court of Justice. Chahal and Amanullah Khan's cases are just two of several extradition attempts pursued by India which have run a tortuous course. Take, for instance, the case of two Sikh terrorists, Sukhwinder Singh Sandhu and Ranjit Singh Gill, who had fled to the US after assassinating General AS Vaidya. A Pune court had sentenced them to death and when they were arrested by the US police in May 1987, the Indian Government requested their extradition. After examining evidence, a US magistrate ordered their return, but when they went in appeal, a senior judge ordered their case to be re-heard Sandhu and Gill were eventually extradited, but a full one and a half years after their arrest. If two convicted Indian terrorists could block their extradition for so long is it conceivable that others would not succeed in the same way? After all, we haven't been able to get the Union Carbide chief, Warren Anderson, to stand trial for the criminal negligence which led to the death of some 2, 500 people in Bhopal in December 1984


1. A suitable title of the passage is

a. Indo US relations
b. Attitude of western democracies toward India's extradition request
c. Indo-US extradition treaty
d. Western criteria of extradition

Answer: b 

2. Western judges favoured the Indian political criminals and terrorists on the ground that

a. India's law courts had a prejudiced attitude toward these people
b. these people bribed the western judges.
c. their own governments were also in favour of them
d. none of these

Answer: a

3. When British Home Office ordered Chahal's deportation to India, Chahal
a. went to the European court of justice
b. went to the London High Court for appeal.
c. moved to the House of Lords
d. Both b and c

Answer: d 

4. Which of the following statements according to the paragraph ~s correct?

a. SS Sandhu and RS Gill were sentenced to death in a US court
b. Sandhu and Gill were immediately deported to India when India requested.
c. We have not been able to get Mr. Apderson to stand trial for Bhopal gas tragedy.
d. Union carbide was an Indian company

Answer: c




English Comprehension Passages with Questions and Answers

Study the passage and answer the questions that follow: 

India is not, as you may imagine, a distant, strange, or at the very utmost, a curious country, India for the future belongs to Europe, it has its place in the Indo-European world, it has its place in our own history and in what is the very life of history, the history of the human mind, You know how some of the best talents and the noblest genius of our age has been devoted to the study of the development of the outward or material world, the growth of the earth, the first appearance of the living cells, their combination and differentiation leading up to the beginning of organic life, and its steady progress from the lowest to the highest stages, Is there not inward intellectual world also which has to be studied in its historical development, from the first appearance of predicative andministrative roots, their combination and differentiation, leading up to the beginning of rational thought in its steady progress from the lowest to the highest stages? And in that study of the history of the human mind, in that study of ourselves, of our true selves, India occupies a place second to no other country, Whatever sphere of the human mind you may select for your special study, whether it be language, or religion, or mythology, or philosophy, whether it be laws or customs, primitive art or primitive science, everywhere you have to go to India, whether you like it or not, because some of the most valuable and most instructive materials in the history of, man are treasured up in India, and in India. only.


1. In what field of human endeavor has India surpassed the rest of mankind?

a. in industrialization
b. in materialization
c. in games and sport's
d. in study of the history of the human mind

Answer: d 

2. What position does India occupy in the study of the history of the human mind?

a. No place at all
b. First place
c. Third place
d. Second place

Answer: b 

3.Philosophy means:
a. the study of human mind
b. the study of systems of thought about soul, etc.
c. the study of political systems
d. the study of stars and cosmos

Answer: b 

4. The historical development of intellectual world leads up to:

a. the beginning of rational thought
b. spiritual illumination
c. physical development
d. deflation

Answer: a

English Comprehension Passages with Questions and Answers

Study the passage and answer the questions that follow: 

Some religious teachers have taught that Man is made up of a body and a soul: But they have been silent about the Intellect. Their followers try to feed the body on earth and to save soul from perdition after death: But they neglected the claims of the mind. Bread for the body and Virtue for the soul: These are regarded as the indispensable requisites of human welfare here and hereafter. Nothing is said about knowledge and education. Thus Jesus Christ spoke much of feeding the hungry, healing the sick, and converting the sinners: But he never taught the duty of teaching the ignorant and increasing scientific knowledge. He himself was not a well-educated man, and intellectual pursuits were beyond his horizon. Gautam Buddha also laid stress on morality, meditation and asceticism, but he did not attach great importance to history, science, art or literature. St. Ambrose deprecated scientific studies and wrote, Tel discuss the nature and position of the earth does not help us in our hope for life to come. St. Basil said very frankly and foolishly, It is not a matter of interest for us whether the earth is a sphere or a cylinder or disc. Thomas Carlyle also followed the Christian traditions when he declared that he honoured only two men and no third: The manual labour and the religious teacher. He forgot the scientist, the scholar and the artist. The cynics of Greece despised education at last?


1. What have the religious teachers taught in the past?

a. That man is made up of body only
b. That man is made up of soul only.
c. That man is made up of bubbles
d. That man is made up of body and soul together

Answer: d

2. What is food for the soul?

a. Bread
b. Virtue
c. Vice
d. Education

Answer: b

3.The following philosophers occur in the passage. But they are not in correct order. Correct the order (l). Jesus Christ (II). Gautam Buddha (III) St. Ambrose (IV). Thomas Carlyle M St. Basil

a. I, II, III, IV, V
b. I, III, IV, V, II
c. I, II, III, V, IV
d. II, I, III, IV, V

Answer: c

4. Intellectual pursuits have been neglected because: (I) they are unnecessary and superfluous (II) they make people dwarf (III) they lead people to hell

a. Only I is correct
b. Only II is correct
c. Only III is correct
d. Only I and II are correct

Answer: a

5. The style of the passage is

a. narrative
b. expository
c. critical
d. Analytical

Answer: a


English Comprehension Passages with Questions and Answers

Study the passage and answer the questions that follow: 


India is not, as you may imagine, a distant, strange, or at the very utmost, a curious country, India for the future belongs to Europe, it has its place in the Indo-European world, it has its place in our own history and in what is the very life of history, the history of the human mind, You know how some of the best talents and the noblest genius of our age has been devoted to the study of the development of the outward or material world, the growth of the earth, the first appearance of the living cells, their combination and differentiation leading up to the beginning of organic life, and its steady progress from the lowest to the highest stages, Is there not inward intellectual world also which has to be studied in its historical development, from the first appearance of predicative andministrative roots, their combination and differentiation, leading up to the beginning of rational thought in its steady progress from the lowest to the highest stages? And in that study of the history of the human mind, in that study of ourselves, of our true selves, India occupies a place second to no other country, Whatever sphere of the human mind you may select for your special study, whether it be language, or religion, or mythology, or philosophy, whether it be laws or customs, primitive art or primitive science, everywhere you have to go to India, whether you like it or not, because some of the most valuable and most instructive materials in the history of, man are treasured up in India, and in India. only.


1. In what field of human endeavor has India surpassed the rest of mankind?

a. in industrialization
b. in materialization
c. in games and sport's
d. in study of the history of the human mind

Answer: d 

2. What position does India occupy in the study of the history of the human mind?

 a. No place at all
 b. First place
 c. Third place
 d. Second place

Answer: b 

3. Philosophy means:

a. the study of human mind
b. the study of systems of thought about soul, etc.
c. the study of political systems
d. the study of stars and cosmos

Answer: b 

4. The historical development of intellectual world leads up to:

a. the beginning of rational thought
b. spiritual illumination
c. physical development
d. deflation

Answer: a

English Comprehension Passages with Questions and Answers

Study the passage and answer the questions that follow: 

Some religious teachers have taught that Man is made up of a body and a soul: But they have been silent about the Intellect. Their followers try to feed the body on earth and to save soul from perdition after death: But they neglected the claims of the mind. Bread for the body and Virtue for the soul: These are regarded as the indispensable requisites of human welfare here and hereafter. Nothing is said about knowledge and education. Thus Jesus Christ spoke much of feeding the hungry, healing the sick, and converting the sinners: But he never taught the duty of teaching the ignorant and increasing scientific knowledge. He himself was not a well-educated man, and intellectual pursuits were beyond his horizon. Gautam Buddha also laid stress on morality, meditation and asceticism, but he did not attach great importance to history, science, art or literature. St. Ambrose deprecated scientific studies and wrote, Tel discuss the nature and position of the earth does not help us in our hope for life to come. St. Basil said very frankly and foolishly, It is not a matter of interest for us whether the earth is a sphere or a cylinder or disc. Thomas Carlyle also followed the Christian traditions when he declared that he honoured only two men and no third: The manual labour and the religious teacher. He forgot the scientist, the scholar and the artist. The cynics of Greece despised education at last?


1. What have the religious teachers taught in the past?

a. That man is made up of body only
b. That man is made up of soul only.
c. That man is made up of bubbles
d. That man is made up of body and soul together

Answer: d

2. What is food for the soul?

a. Bread
b. Virtue
c. Vice
d. Education

Answer: b 

3.The following philosophers occur in the passage. But they are not in correct order. Correct the order (l). Jesus Christ (II). Gautam Buddha (III) St. Ambrose (IV). Thomas Carlyle M St. Basil

a. I, II, III, IV, V
b. I, III, IV, V, II
c.  I, II, III, V, IV
d. II, I, III, IV, V

Answer: c 

4. Intellectual pursuits have been neglected because: (I) they are unnecessary and superfluous (II) they make people dwarf (III) they lead people to hell

a. Only I is correct
b. Only II is correct
c. Only III is correct
d. Only I and II are correct

Answer: a

 5. The style of the passage is

a. narrative
b. expository
c. critical
d. Analytical

Answer: a


English Comprehension Passages with Questions and Answers

Study the passage and answer the questions that follow:


India's role on the international stage was moulded by history rather than by the pomp and circumstances of war. As a separate entity of the British empire, India became a founder member of the League of Nations in the same Way as Australia and Canada, and thus acquired a somewhat unique international status long before independence. During the days of the League when India's interests were affected, such as in matters of trade or the position of Indians overseas, the Indian delegation did not hesitate to make known its independent position, for what it was worth. Some Indian delegates were. In demand for chairing meetings riddled with contention and controversy, because of their reputation for impartiality and talent for mediation. These were the small beginnings of India's later entry into the United Nations in 1945, again as a founder member before independence. The drafting of Chapter IX and X of the UN Charter, which deal with international social and economic cooperation, was entrusted to a group that was presided over by an Indian. It is important, however, to bear in mind that fact that the Government of independent India had no part in the drafting of the UN Charter, although in accepted the obligations contained therein. The UN was primarily the creation of three powers-The USA, UK and Russia. The size, population, resources and potential of India lent it the weight of a medium power in the functioning of the United Nations. The fact that India was among the first nations to liberate itself from the imperialist domination through non-violent means. Endowed it with a moral obligation to work in and outside the UN for the independence of nations still under colonial rule. India has served on the Security Council for 10 years or 5 terms, on the Trusteeship Council for 12 years or 4 terms and on the Economic and Social Council for 21 years or 7 terms.


1. The title below that best expresses the ideas of the passage is:

a. India's role at the United Nations
b. India and Her Neighbours
c. India's International Prestige
d. British Colonial Expansion

Answer: a 

2. Through a part of the British Empire, India enjoyed great prestige at the League in as much as Indian delegates were in demand for chairing meeting to consider controversial issues. It was because: (l) Indian delegates were well known. For their impartiality (II). Indian delegates had talent for mediation (III). India was considered a power to reckon with:

a. I and III are correct
b. I and II are correct
c. I and III are correct
d. only I is correct

Answer: b 

3. Which articles of the UN Charter deal with International, Social and Economic Co-operation?

a. Articles IX and X
b. Articles ~I and XII
c. Articles VIII and XIII
d. Articles VI and VII

Answer: a 

4. Which of the following countries does not find any coverage in the passage?

a. The USA
b. Britain
c. The Russia
d. Sri Lanka

Answer: d

English Comprehension Passages with Questions and Answers

Read the following passage and answer questions that follow: 


Paragraph II It was during one of the most dreadful smallpox epidemic~ in England that Edward Jenner, a country doctor, made a: Discovery which was to alter the course of history. Jenner noticed that the disease seldom struck those who lived in rural areas and worked around cattle. Most farmers and dairy workers had contracted cowpox and had recovered with nothing more serious than a pustule which left a scar. This observation led Dr: Jenner to think: Why not vaccinate people with cowpox to protect them from smallpox? On May 14, 1876, Dr. Jenner took a healthy boy, James Phillips, to a dairy maid, Sarah Nelmes, who had a cowpox pustule on her hand resulting from ‘an infection from her master's cow. Dr. Jenner made two shallow cuts on James Phillips’ arm and inoculated them with matter taken from the cowpox sore. A pustule developed on the boy's arm formed a scab and healed. In July of the same year. Dr. Jenner inoculated James with matter from a smallpox pustule. During the next two weeks, the doctor watched for signs of smallpox. They did not develop. The vaccination was successful. Dr. Jenner wrote a paper explaining hi~ method of vaccination. At first the doctors were hostile and would not listen to a. Ridiculous procedure. Many towns people organized anti vaccination campaigns. Gradually, however, the doctors and their patients accepted vaccination.

1. The fact that Edward Jenner was a country doctor, was important in the discovery of smallpox vaccine, because

a. he had enough time to pursue his research in the rural areas
b. he noticed that the disease was prevalent where people worked around cattle
c. he noticed that the disease seldom struck people who worked around the cattle
d. he found that he could convince rural people more easily than city people

Answer: c 

2. Dr. Jenner was successful as cowpox virus produces

a. severe infection in humans resulting in deaths
b. a mild infection in humans which is not enough to produce active immunity.
c. a mild infection in humans which is enough to produce active immunity
d. no infection in humans

Answer: c 

3. Dr. Jenner made his experiment on a healthy boy who

a. died after experimentation
b. could not be relieved of his mark of pustule
c. developed the sings of pustule on his body when he was injected the matter of cowpox
d.was paid for it

Answer: c

4. Passage here is having all an

a. narrative style 25
b. analytic style
c. provocative style
d. idiomatic style

Answer: a

Short Reading Comprehension Passages

English Comprehension Passages with Questions and Answers

The most important reason for this state of affairs, perhaps, is that India was the only country in the world to truly recognise the achievements of the Soviet Union-rather than merely focus on the debilitating faults that Communism brought to its people. The people of India realised that the achievement of one hundred per cent literacy in a country much, much larger than its own and with similarly complicated ethnic and religious groupings, the rapid industrialization of a nation that was a primarily agrarian society when the Bolshevik revolution took place in 1917, the attendant revolutionary steps in science and technology, the accessibility of health care (primeval according to Western standards, perhaps, but not according to Indian ones) to the general population, and despite prohibition of the government of the time the vast outpourings in literature, music, art, etc. are momentous and remarkable feats in any country. In contrast, all that the West focused on were the massive human rights violations by the Soviet State on its people, the deliberate uprooting and mass migrations of ethnic peoples from one part of the country to another in the name of industrialization, the end of religion. In short, all the tools of information were employed to condemn the ideology of Communism, so much at variance with capitalist thinking. The difference with the Indian perception, I think here is, that while the Indians reacted as negatively to what the Soviet governments did to its people in the name of good governance (witness the imprisonment of Boris Pasternak and the formation of an international committee to put pressure for his release with Jawaharlal Nehru at its head), they took the pain not to condemn the people of that broad country in black and white terms; they understood that mingled in the shades of grey were grains of uniqueness (The Russians have never failed that characteristic in themselves; they have twice experimented with completely different ideologies, Communism and Capitalism both in the space of a century).

1.Which of the following statements according to the passage is correct?
  •  India took heed on the weak faults of Russian policies and system 
  • India seriously commended the achievement of Russia, i.e.. cent per cent literacy and rapid industrialization 
  • The process of industrialization had already started when Russian revolution took place in 1917 
  • The literature, art and music received a setback during the communist regime in Russia 

Answer: b

2.The West did not focus on:

  • rapid growth of nuclear weapons in Russia 
  • Massive human rights violation by the Soviet state on its people 
  • deliberate uprooting and mass migration of ethnic people in the name of industrialization. 
  • Both B & C


 Answer: a 

3.The India perception of the USSR was always

a. negative
b. neutral
c. counter-reactionary
d. applauding

Answer: d 

4.The passage is:

  • descriptive 
  • paradoxical 
  • analytical 
  • thought provoking                                                

 Answer: c

Kerala Plus One Trial Allotment List 2014

Kerala Plus One Trial Allotment List 2014 has been published at www.hscap.kerala.gov.in, the official website for single window admissions. Students who have applied for Plus One Admission 2014 under the single-window system can check their allotment status soon after the trial allotment results are published in the website.

Plus One Trial Allotment List 2014 will give candidates a clear picture on whether they will possibly get admission to the school or course they need. As the trial allotment does not guarantee admission for the course, students will have to wait till the first allotment list is published.Candidates can submit applications for changes in options after the publication of Plus One Trial Allotment List 2014 till 5.00 pm on 25 June 2014.

    ECONOMIC SURVEY 2012-13

    Economic Survey2012-2013
    A flagship annual document of the Ministry of Finance, Government of India,Economic Survey 2012–13 reviews the developments in the Indian economy over the previous 12 months, summarizes the performance on major development programmes, and highlights the policy initiatives of the government and the prospects of the economy in the short to medium term. This document is presented to both houses of Parliament during the Budget Session.

    With detailed statistical data covering all aspects of the economy—macro as well as sectoral—the report provides an overview of the following issues:
    State of the Indian economy
    Challenges, policy responses, and medium-term outlook
    Fiscal policy and monetary management
    Financial intermediation and the role of markets
    External sector, balance of payments, and trade
    Agriculture, industrial development and services sector
    Energy, infrastructure, and communications
    Human development, climate change and public programmes
    India and the Global Economy

    STATISTICAL APPENDIX
    State of the Economy and Prospects
    Seizing the Demographic Dividend
    Public Finance
    Prices and Monetary Management
    Financial Intermediation
    Balance of Payments
    International Trade
    Agriculture and Food Management
    Industrial Performance
    Services Sector
    Energy, Infrastructure and Communications
    Sustainable Development and Climate Change
    Human Development

    This document would be useful for policymakers, economists, policy analysts, business practitioners, government agencies, students, researchers, the media, and all those interested in the development in the Indian economy.

    Science and Technology in World History

    The history of Science and Technology (HST) is a field of history which examines how humanity's understanding of the natural world (science) and ability to manipulate it (Technology) have changed over the centuries. This academic discipline also studies the cultural, economic, and political impacts of scientific innovation.

    Histories of science were originally written by practicing and retired scientists, starting primarily with William Whewell, as a way to communicate the virtues of science to the public. In the early 1930s, after a famous paper given by the Soviet historian Boris Hessen, was focused into looking at the ways in which scientific practices were allied with the needs and motivations of their context. AfterWorld War II, extensive resources were put into teaching and researching the discipline, with the hopes that it would help the public better understand both Science and Technology as they came to play an exceedingly prominent role in the world. In the 1960s, especially in the wake of the work done by Thomas Kuhn, the discipline began to serve a very different function, and began to be used as a way to critically examine the scientific enterprise. At the present time it is often closely aligned with the field of Science studies.[citation needed]
    Modern engineering as it is understood today took form during the scientific revolution, though much of the mathematics and science was built on the work of the Greeks, Egyptians, Mesopotamians, Chinese, Indians and Muslims.[citation needed] See the main articlesHistory of science and History of technology for these respective topics.

    HISTORY OF INDIA

    History of India

    The history of India begins with evidence of human activity of Homo sapiens, as long as 75,000 years ago, or with earlier hominids includingHomo erectus from about 500,000 years ago.

    The Indus Valley Civilization, which spread and flourished in the northwestern part of the Indian subcontinent from c. 3300 to 1300 BCE in present-day Pakistan and northwest India, was the first major civilization in South Asia.A sophisticated and technologically advanced urban culture developed in the Mature Harappan period, from 2600 to 1900 BCE.This civilization collapsed at the start of the second millennium BCE and was later followed by the Iron Age Vedic Civilization, which extended over much of the Indo-Gangetic plain and which witness the rise of major polities known as the Mahajanapadas. In one of these kingdoms, Magadha, Mahavira and Gautama Buddha were born in the 6th or 5th century BCE and propagated their Shramanic philosophies.

    A HISTORY OF INDIA First Edition.pdf
    A HISTORY OF INDIA Second Edition.pdf
    A Brief History of India Second edition.pdf
    Most of the subcontinent was conquered by the Maurya Empire during the 4th and 3rd centuries BCE. Various parts of India were ruled by numerous Middle kingdoms for the next 1,500 years, among which the Gupta Empire stands out. This period, witnessing a Hindu religious and intellectual resurgence, is known as the classical or "Golden Age of India". During this period, aspects of Indian civilization, administration, culture, and religion (Hinduism and Buddhism) spread to much of Asia, while kingdoms in southern India had maritime business links with the Roman Empire from around 77 CE. During this period Indian cultural influence spread over many parts of Southeast Asia which led to the establishment of Indianized kingdoms in Southeast Asia.

    7th-11th centuries saw the Tripartite struggle between the Pala Empire, Rashtrakuta Empire, and Gurjara Pratihara Empire centered aroundKannauj. Southern India saw the rule of the Chalukya Empire, Chola Empire, Pallava Empire, Pandyan Empire, and Western Chalukya Empire. The early medieval period Indian mathematics influenced the development of mathematics and astronomy in the Arab world and theHindu numerals were introduced.

    Muslim rule started in some parts of north India in the 13th century when the Delhi Sultanate was established in 1206 CE. The Delhi Sultanate ruled the major part of northern India in the early 14th century, but declined in the late 14th century, which saw the emergence of several powerful Hindu states like the Vijayanagara Empire, Gajapati Kingdom, Ahom Kingdom and Mewar dynasty. In the 16th centuryMughal rule came from Central Asia to cover most of the northern parts of India. The Mughal Empire suffered a gradual decline in the early 18th century, which provided opportunities for the Maratha Empire, Sikh Empire and Mysore Kingdom to exercise control over large areas in the subcontinent.

    Beginning in the late 18th century and over the next century, large areas of India were annexed by the British East India Company. Dissatisfaction with Company rule led to the Indian Rebellion of 1857, after which the British provinces of India were directly administered by the British Crown and witnessed a period of both rapid development of infrastructure and economic stagnation. During the first half of the 20th century, a nationwide struggle for independence was launched with the leading party involved being the Indian National Congress which was later joined by Muslim League as well.

    The subcontinent gained independence from the United Kingdom in 1947, after the British provinces were partitioned into the dominions of India and Pakistan and the princely states all acceded to one of the new states.

    Ratan Tata Gets Honorary Doctorate From Canada’s York University

    Canada’s world-famous York University has conferred an honorary doctor of laws degree on former Tata group chairman Ratan Tata for his quest for innovation and role in promoting corporate social responsibility.
    Tata flew into Toronto to receive the honour bestowed on him at the 2014 spring convocation of York University’s Schulich School of Business at the weekend.
    A citation read by Professor Dirk Matten said the most inspiring feature of Tata’s life and career has been that he has always gone beyond conventional wisdom, trusting his judgement, and worked very hard to turn his own vision into reality. Matten quoted Tata as saying, “I don’t believe in taking right decisions; I take decisions and then make them right.”
    Accepting the honour, Tata told the august gathering, “I just want to tell you how deeply indebted and deeply moved I am to receive this honour that you have bestowed.”
    Tata said, “I had no idea that this university and this business school had done the various things … moved beyond the shores of Canada to reflect the internationality of the world we live in today.”
    The chairman emeritus of Tata Sons reminded the graduating 500 students about their responsibilities as they step into what he called “a troubled world.”
    Tata told the students, “As you go out into the world, many of you will be leaders of countries and or businesses – just remember that there are millions of people who are less fortunate than you are and that hopefully one of the achievements you will make in your life will be making a difference.”
    Praising Tata, Dezso J. Horvath, dean of the Schulich School of Business, said Tata embodied core values and principles taught at his business school – a global mindset, an unbending commitment to excellence, a spirit of innovation and an ingrained belief that business can help improve society.
    Turning to the graduating students who come from all parts of the world, the dean said, “If there is an individual you should look to as a role model throughout the course of your business careers, it would have to be today’s honorary degree recipient, Ratan Tata.”
    The dean also told the students, “For inspiration, you can look to Ratan Tata, who history will record as one of the great architects of modern India and one of the great global visionaries in business. The values and qualities he demonstrated – a desire to connect with the world, a drive for excellence, a quest for innovation – these are qualities that we at Schulich also aspire to.”
    Tata was among the 12 recipients of honorary doctorate from York University.
    “Each of these diversely talented and principled leaders is distinguished in his or her field, and all have demonstrated a commitment to higher learning, social justice and service to society that makes them the best possible role models for our graduates,” said York University President and Vice-Chancellor Mamdouh Shoukri.
    The audience heard how Tata, during his 20-year tenure as chairman of Tata Sons, turned the group into a global giant by taking its revenue from $5 billion to $100 billion, acquiring Tetley, Jaguar Land Rover and Corus, and creating the world’s smallest car Tata Nano.
    A man who has become a global icon of corporate social responsibility now fittingly heads the Sir Dorabji Tata Trust, the Sir Ratan Tata Trust and other smaller trusts which collectively hold 66% shares in the holding company Tata Sons.

    June 23 Is World Widow Day

    June 23 was declared as the International Widows’ Day at a conference at the UN in 2011.
    According to UN Secretary General Ban Ki-moon, “No woman should lose her rights when she loses her husband.”
    Some 40 million of the world’s widows live in India. Their plight is often invisible, as many people are unaware of the troubles faced by those abandoned by their families.
    While eight percent of women in India are widows, only 2.5 percent of men are widowers, due to the fact that men usually remarry.
    Vrindavan is home to thousands of widows from West Bengal. Their condition used to be pitiable till the Supreme Court intervened and NGO Sulabh International took up the challenge to ameliorate their plight.
    The lives of around a thousand widows has remarkably improved with the intervention of the court.
    Sulabh takes care of all such widows living in six government-run ashrams.
    Sulabh International founder Bindeshwar Pathak recently drafted a bill for the protection of widows in the country, and hopes Prime Minister Modi will pay attention to the widows’ plight.
    Along with widows from Vrindavan, Pathak is planning to meet Modi to push for the introduction of the draft bill in the budget session.

    Rail Passenger Fares Up 14.2 Percent

    The government Friday raised the railway passenger fares by 14.2 percent in all classes and freight charge by 6.5 percent.
    The new passenger fare and freight rates will come into effect from June 25, the railway ministry said in a release.
    The ministry said the revision of rates was done as part of interim budget presented by the previous government, but was not implemented because of the elections.
    The release said the annual expenditure of the ministry could not be met unless the revised rates as finalized by previous government is implemented.
    Railway Minister D.V. Sadananda Gowda  said the former Congress-led government was to blame for the hike in railway fares, and questioned the opposition criticism of the government now.
    “As far as railway is concerned, the whole country – whether BJP or Congress – felt there should be certain reforms. Today, all those who are opposing this hike were all partners with UPA during the presentation of the budget (when UPA raised railway fares). Nobody opened their mouths at that time… now everyone is shouting… why are they politicising the railways?” Gowda asked.
    He blamed the hike on the previous Congress-led United Progressive Alliance government.
    “There was an exercise by my predecessor to tackle losses… and it was not implemented… How can they now say this (BJP) government is doing something wrong?” Gowda said.
    “They had consulted the then prime minister (Manmohan Singh). I have documents where the prime minister has said from May 1, it (rail fare hike) should come into effect,” Gowda said in the interview.
    Asked about his earlier criticism of previous railway ministers on rail fare hike when the BJP was in opposition, Gowda said: “I haven’t criticised him personally, I was in the state, as opposition leader.”

    Hindi poet Kedar Nath Singh selected for Jnanpith Award 2013

    Hindi poet Kedarnath Singh was chosen for the prestigious Jnanpith award for 2013.  He is the 10th Hindi writer to receive the honour and is the 49th recipient of Jnanpith award.
    Kedarnath  was born in 1934 in Chakiya village of Balia district of Uttar Pradesh and he completed his MA and PhD from Banaras Hindu University in 1956 and 1964.  his .
    He became famous with a book entitled teesra saptak edited by Sachchidananda Hirananda Vatsyayan whose pen name was Agyeya.  He has been a professor and Head of Department of Hindi department of Jawaharlal Nehru University (Delhi).


    Global Economy Prize For India’s Biotech Queen

    India’s biotechnology queen and Biocon chairperson Kiran Mazumdar-Shaw has been awarded the coveted Global Economy Prize for business by the Kiel Institute in Germany during its centenary celebrations.
    “Mazumdar-Shaw is the first Indian woman and fourth Indian to be conferred this prize,” the Bangalore-based biotech company said in a statement here Monday.
    The German institute is an international centre for research in global economic affairs, economic policy consulting and economic education.
    “The award, set up in 2005, is bestowed on pioneers finding solutions to global economic problems by influencing and implementing economic or trade systems based on individual initiative,” the statement said.
    The annual prize is awarded to three individuals – a high-ranking policy maker, a renowned economist and an outstanding entrepreneur.
    After receiving the prize at Kiel Sunday, Shaw said: “I am honoured to receive this prestigious award and consider it a privilege to be in the company of great economists, world leaders and entrepreneurs.”
    Liberia President Ellen Johnson-Sirleaf and University of Chicago professor Richard H. Thaler were the other two who were conferred the honour along with Shaw for 2014.
    Nobel laureate Amartya Sen, Kalyani group chairman Baba N. Kalyani and Bharti group chairman Bharti Mittal are three Indians who received the prize in the past.
    Shaw pioneered biotechnology in India and started Biocon as a novel enzymes company, which evolved into the country’s largest biopharmaceutical enterprise committed to affordable innovation.
    With the largest scientific talent pool, the company is engaged in research to develop novel and differentiated biopharmaceuticals aimed at reducing the cost of treatment for cancer, diabetes and autoimmune disorders for patients worldwide.

    NASA built World’s most powerful telescope to track alien’s life

    NASA built World’s most powerful telescope to track alien’s life


    National Aeronautics and Space Administration’s (NASA) plan to build Advanced Technology Large Aperture Space Telescope (ATLAST) in Portsmouth. It will be the World’s most powerful and largest telescope once it is built.
    The telescope can analyze the environment of other planets and able to track the existence of aliens life. The telescope will track the species for about 30 light years away.
    The telescope will be prepared and set up in space itself, because the telescope very  large in size  it is not possible to send the telescope to space from the earth  via rocket.
    For the setting up the telescope, NASA will send a group of astronauts to space via Orion rocket.


    Features of the ATLAST telescope 
    •    The telescope will be about four times larger than the existing 44 feet- Hubble Space Telescope.
    •    The mirror inside the telescope will have a diameter of around 52 feet, which will be the largest mirror ever created by any man on Earth.
    •    The telescope will be located at a distance of 10 lakh miles.
    •    Telescope to be ready by 2030

    Civil Service entrance exam Time Table 2014

    Civil Service entrance exam

    Civil Service Preliminary Exams This is only the first level exam for entrance into the IAS. Once you have cleared the Prelims you have to appear in the Mains written exams. This is to be followed by the personality test (interview).
    The Prelim exam is only of qualifying nature. The scores of the Mains written exam and personality test will be counted to decide the final results.
    The number of candidates called for the interview is normally double the vacancy announced.
    A degree from a recognized University or equivalent is required to write the Civil Services exams.
    Candidates appearing at the final year of the degree examination are also eligible to write the Prelim examination subjected to certain conditions.
    The date of notification of the exam is Saturday 17.05.2014. The last date for receipt of the application is Monday 16.06.2014.
    Civil Services (Preliminary) Examination 2014 will be held on Sunday 24.08.2014 and will be completed on the same day.
    Candidates applying for Civil Services Examination or Indian Forest Service Examination or both will have to fill in this common Application Form.
    Applicants are advised to go through the common reasons on account of which online applications may be rejected by the Commission. These may be carefully noted so that chances of application being rejected could be avoided. The details are here;
    upsconline.nic.in
    Witten Mains Examination 2014 
    This year the Civil Services (Main) examination will be held from 14th to 19th December, 2014. The entire exam will be completed in five days. The exam of eight compulsory papers with take place in two shifts and will be completed in four days. The two papers of the optional subject will take one day.

    Civil Services Examination Time Table 2014


    Name of ExaminationDate of Notification/ Last date for receipt of applicationsDate of commence ment of Examination and its durationMinimum academic qualifications prescribedRemarks
    Civil Services
    (Preliminary) Examination
    2014
    17.05.2014 (SATURDAY)/
    16.06.2014 (MONDAY)
    24.08.2014 (SUNDAY)
    1 DAY
    A degree from a recognised University or equivalent.Candidates appearing at the degree examination also eligible to compete subject to certain conditions
    Civil Services
    (Main) Examination 2014
    -14.12.2014 (SUNDAY)
    5 DAY
    --
    INDIAN FOREST SERVICE
    (MAIN) EXAM, 2014
    -22.11.2014
    (SUNDAY)
    --
    Civil Services
    (Interview) Dates
    2014
    -09.04.2014 to 05.06.2014--

    Kerala PSC Village Extension Officer {VEO} Solved Question Papers

    1.The U.N. decided to observe 2008 as :
    Ans: International year of planet earth


    2.The last Governor General of Free India :
    Ans: Raja Gopalachari
    3.'Big Ben' is related to :
    Ans: London
    4.The Comptroller and Auditor General is appointed by:
    Ans: President of India
    5.A western port:
    Ans: Karidla
    6.'Go to Vedas' was made by:
    Ans: Swami Dayananda Saraswathi

    7.The first Indian went into the space :
    Ans: RakeshSharma
    8.'Sudden death' is related
    Ans: Football

    9.In a rainbow which colour comes between orange and green:
    Ans: Yellow

    10.'Government Business' is referred to :
    Ans: Assembly Session
    11.'Taj Mahal at Agra is in danger* News report this is due to pollution. The main cause for the pollution is :
    Ans: Sulphur di oxide
    12.Permissible noise level at day and night in residential area :
    Ans: 55DB-40DB
    13.The art form of Yaksha Ganam' is widely seen :
    Ans: Kasargod
    14.Chairman of the Planning Commission of India :
    Ans: Prime Minister

    15.'Road to Mecca' was written by:
    Ans: Mohammed Pickthale

    16.Which is famous for textiles?
    Ans: Ahamedabad

    17.Ellora caves are situated in :
    Ans: Maharashtra

    18.Banasura sagar dam is in the district of:
    Ans: Waynad
    19.Which is not related to fundamental rights?
    Ans: Right to work '

    20.Which is suitable for empowering woman community?
    Ans: Kudumbasree
    21.Which is not related with stock exchange?
    Ans: NIFT
    22.'Mega Bytes' is the unit for measuring:
    Ans: Memory capacity of a computer

    23.'Quit India Movement' was started in :
    Ans: 1942
    24.The Capital of United Arab Emirates (UAE):
    Ans: Abudhabi

    25.The UN day is observed on :
    Ans: 24th October

    26.Goitre is the result of deficiency of :
    Ans: Iodine
    27.Manifesto is published by :
    Ans: Political parties
    28.Modern Olympic started by:
    Ans: Here de Coubertin

    29.The word 'Budget' comes from 'BOUGHETTE' it relates :
    Ans: French

    30.The first successful heart transplant operation in India was done by :
    Ans: Dr. Venugopal

    31.Mount Everest situated in :
    Ans: Nepal
    32.The Author of 'The God of Small Things':
    Ans: Arundhati Roy

    33.There is a Union Territory in India its four districts are situated in the four states. What is it?
    Ans: Pondicherry

    34.The religion which has not holy scripts :
    Ans: Shintoism

    35.The planet that takes 84 years to rotate the sun. What is it?
    Ans: Uranus
    36.73rd Indian Constitutional Amendment was proposed to:
    Ans: Panchayat Raj
    37.Mahmood Najad visited India in connection with:
    Ans: India - Pakistan - Iran Gas pipe line
    38.It aims to encourage private investments to under developed countries. What is it?
    Ans: IFC
    39.What is the eastern port?
    Ans: Paradeep

    40.Due to popular struggle a company was forced to stop work for over-pollution. What was it?
    Ans: Mavoor Gwaliyor Rayons

    41.Example for direct democracy :
    Ans: Grama Sabha
    42.What was an important event in the history of Christianity in Kerala?
    Ans: Udayamperur Sunnahados
    43.'Mamangham' was held at the river shore of:
    Ans: Bharathapuzha

    44.What was the result of Kerala - Portuguese relation?
    Ans: Chavittunadakam

    45.Which is not related to Education?
    Ans: ISRO
    46.Phosphorus is kept in :
    Ans: Cold water

    47.�The canon of Medicine ' was written by :
    Ans: Avicenna
    48.Ozone layer is found in the :
    Ans: Stratosphere

    49.Western Ghats and North Eastern Himalayas in India has :
    Ans: Tropical rain forest

    50.The 'Minamata' disease is caused by :
    Ans: Methyl mercury

    51.The synonym of "anger" is :
    Ans: rage

    52.The synonym of "rare" is :
    Ans: available

    53.The antonym of "deficit" is :
    Ans: surplus

    54.That is..... Utopian idea.
    Ans: a
    55.Let's play,.......?
    Ans: shall we

    56.He's got a car ......a motorbike.
    Ans: as well as
    57.A stitch in time saves ......
    Ans: nine
    58.There won't be any trouble, .......?
    Ans: will there

    59.Fish is reared in:
    Ans: Aquarium
    60.Young one of a goat is :
    Ans: kid

    61.......... is a carnivorous animal:
    Ans: lion
    62....... of stars :
    Ans: constellation
    63.Which word is correctly spelt?
    Ans: occasion

    64.Which word is wrongly spelt?
    Ans: flopy

    65."Are you happy?" This is ....... sentence:
    Ans: interrogative
    66.Vis-a-vis means:
    Ans: opposite

    67.Medical study of the skin and its diseases is :
    Ans: Dermatology

    68.Which of the following is a correct plural noun?
    Ans: notaries public
    69.John is ....... honourable man.
    Ans: an

    70.She is determined .....completing her studies.
    Ans: in
    71.The fractional form of 11 1/9 percent is :
    Ans: 1/9
    72.If 3+4 = 21, 5+2 = 35, 4+2 = 24 then 5+3= :
    Ans: 40

    73.Insert the next number in the series : 67, 55, 44, 34, 25,......
    Ans: 17

    74.If 36 x 3c = 1 then c = :
    Ans: 12

    75.When butter is heated to produce ghee, 37� percent of its weight is reduced. When a contained butter is heated, 12� kg. ghee is obtained. Then the weight of the butter in is:
    Ans: 20 kg
    76.1+2+3+4+......+50
    Ans: 1275
    77.Average of three numbers is 12. If two numbers are 8 and 15 then the third number is :
    Ans: 13
    78.5 + 3x2-8 + 4 is :
    Ans: 9

    79.(12.4 * 15.3)/(3.1 * 5.1) then (153 * 12.4)/(51 * 3.1) = :
    Ans: 12

    80.(K/7)+ (K/8) then K is :
    Ans: 56/15
    81.A rectangular vessel contains 1 litre water. What is its capacity if the sides are doubled?
    Ans: 4

    82.If (312312/a) = then a = :
    Ans: 1001
    84.(2.8x2.8+2x2.8x2.2+2.2x2.2)/( 2.8+2.2) = :
    Ans: 5

    85.The weight of a dog is 12 kg more than one fourth of its weight. Then the weight of the dog is:
    Ans: 16 kg
    86.If a*b=a+b+l andif a*5 = 6*4=ll then a*b is
    Ans: 12
    87.In a month three Tuesdays were on even dates. Then 21st of the month is :
    Ans: Sunday

    88.If a man starts from A and walks towards North 8 km, then he walks 6 km west. Then he is ......km from A:
    Ans: 10 km
    89.In an election two persons contested. One of the candidate obtained 40 percent vote and he is declared elected at a margin of 298 vote. Then the total number of voters is :
    Ans: None of these
    90.The sides of triangle are 5, 8,11 then its area
    Ans: 0
    91.If the H.C.F. and L.C.M. of two numbers are 8 and 48 respectively and if one of the numbers is 16 then the other number is :
    Ans: 24

    92.The L.C.M.of 3,5,7 is :
    Ans: 105
    93.Minimum pass for an examination is 30 percent. Rajan got 55 marks, but he failed due to a shortage of 17 marks. Then the total mark is :
    Ans: 240
    94.Mohan spent 80 percent of his salary and the remaining as savings. If the savings is rupees 500, then his salary is :
    Ans: 2500
    95.1/6 percent of a number is 6. The number is :
    Ans: 3600
    96.2,5,11,23,47,.....
    Ans: 95
    97.4 * 4 = 22 ,1 * 1= 11 , 9 *9 = 33 then 16 * 16 = .....
    Ans: 44

    98.a , b is numbers a-b = 7 , ab = 30 then a+b = ......
    Ans: 13
    99.10,18,45,109,......
    Ans: 234
    100.0.333....* 0.666... = ......
    Ans: 0.222...